Distension is everything. Distension is our ability to see. I will tell you that during my hysteroscopic training, I was handed hysteroscopes – this was before the time we had nice video monitors – and when we lined up to look, we didn’t even know what we were seeing. You ought to be able to get a really good picture most every time that you go in to do a hysteroscope, even in patients with a lot of bleeding. If you work hard enough with the media and have good inflow and outflow, you can get a reasonably good picture.
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This is our ideal media, one that is isotonic, because if you get intravasation, which will undoubtedly occur in your operative cases, it is not a big problem. Ease of instrument cleaning – they all don’t have that. Minimal impact on body fluid volumes, ease of delivery and then nonhemolytic and nonconductive, so we can use electrosurgery; these are the classic media. When I went through training, there was a big emphasis on the use of CO2. CO2 is very unforgiving; if you put CO2 in and hit a blood vessel, blood and CO2 does not go well together. Even in the office setting, I have given up the use of CO2 as a media. I’ll hang a bag of LR and put it on a little bit of pressure, or use normal saline – these are nice media because they are isotonic. If you intravasate a little bit of normal saline, there is no difference from what the anesthesiologist has given in the IV bag. We get into issues with the nonelectrolyte-containing media, such as glycine and sorbitol. Most of you still probably have unipolar instruments, and to do resectoscopic surgery, you have to use one of these media.
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The problem is that glycine has no sodium and sorbitol has no sodium. The tonicity of these agents is less than 200 milliosmoles and that is where we can get into trouble. Hyskon was used in the past, but it isn’t really available to us any more. You don’t ever want to use water; it is the worst possible media that you could use. This is our balance – we want to have good distention – we want to be able to look in and see everything that we need to see. If you have too little of that, the uterus will collapse and you will see nothing. But after some point where you have maximally distended the uterine cavity, all you are going to do is to drive fluid into the vasculature and that is what we want to avoid. Don’t believe that you lose much intraabdominally. We know this from when we do concomitant laparoscopy; you use very little hysteroscopic fluid through the tubes, even in patent tubes. The mechanism is just like when you do a hysterosalpingogram – when you pressurize the cavity, you can see that smooth muscle area up in the cornua closing and it keeps you from losing very much. You can lose fluid down through the instrument and you can lose some through cervical lacerations. But what you have to believe as you are watching your I&O’s like a hawk is that whatever fluid you can account for, the working assumption has to be that it is intravascular, because any other assumption can lead to a significant complication.
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