What sorts of things influence enzyme induction? Well, the dose of the inducer. I’ve already talk about age. Genetics can … we can have slow acetylators and fast acetylators. For example, when we think about monitoring procainamide levels. We monitor procainamide in NAPA. NAPA stands for N-acetyl-procainamide and the reason we do that is because NAPA actually is probably a more active compound as an antiarrhythmic than is procainamide and it is definitely more toxic. So we monitor those two so that we can adjust the dose to try and achieve therapeutic levels of both of those. Current therapy with an inducer or an inhibitor, that makes thing really very interesting because you never know which one is going to win out so it’s anybody’s guess as to what’s going to happen. And then the presence of hepatic disease. If the patient has significant hepatic disease, the likelihood of a drug-inducing liver enzyme is very small because they just don’t have the ability to synthesize extra protein binding sites. Cheap nexium at Canada pharmacy shop.
Enzyme induction with drugs or substances can induce in liver enzymes. Well, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which can be absorbed through the use of tobacco and that can be tobacco in any form; cigarettes, cigars, chew and/or marijuana. Then also occupational exposure. Patients who are roofers or who lay asphalt are exposed to the hydrocarbons and so can have induced liver enzymes. I want to point out, a lot of times we think of nicotine contained in tobacco as being the substance that induces liver enzymes. It is not the nicotine. It’s the hydrocarbons. So when you convince a patient to stop smoking and they do so, by the use of the nicotine patch, you have taken away the inducer of the enzyme. It’s not nicotine. So they can become toxic on drugs that are affected. Also charcoal-broiled foods. I can guarantee you that any book you look at will have charcoal-broiled foods listed as an inducer of enzymes. I have it up there with a question mark because if you think about what I told you, it takes two or three weeks to induce liver enzymes. It’s my opinion that a simple trip to Burger King for a charcoal-broiled burger or a steak on the grill or whatever is unlikely to be clinically significant for inducing liver enzymes. Now I suppose if you ate three meals a day for three weeks, for ever and ever, then you could induce liver enzymes by eating charcoal-broiled foods. But otherwise I doubt that it is going to be significant. As far as drugs; you can see the list there. Most of them are anticonvulsants and also rifampin and ethosuximide are down there at the bottom.
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What about enzyme inhibition? This is where things get really complicated, unfortunately. Enzyme inhibition basically involves inhibition of the enzyme system. Now this can happen within 24 hours. We are not requiring protein synthesis. We are simply blocking the enzyme system. There are numerous enzymes within the liver. When I went through pharmacy school we talked about the cytochrome P-450 system and it was the cytochrome P-450 system and it was homogenous. There was no difference. All the enzymes were the same. Well, now it’s been determined that there are many different enzymes within the liver and they are all affected differently by different drugs, depending on the structure of the drug. So this is where we get into things like, why verapamil will affect one, will have a drug interaction, but nifedipine will not. Because they are different structurally enough that they don’t affect the same enzymes. If you take a look in the text-type handout that you have, in there I have I guess a big table, for lack of a better word, that has some of the various major enzymes that have been identified and what drugs are metabolized through there. What drugs inhibit those enzymes, actually would be a better way to say that. It’s there for your reference purposes and you can refer to that at a later time.
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What we will do now is we will move through and talk about different drugs that affected by metabolism through the liver. We will move through it rather quickly. In the text-type handout there is a lot more detail about percentage effects and that sort of thing. It’s there as a reference for you that hopefully maybe you will be able to go back and it will be of value to you at some point.
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First of all, benzodiazepines can be affected by induction. For example, rifampin. It has been shown that patients who are receiving rifampin and come in for outpatient surgery and they plan to use midazolam, that there has been complete absence of sedative effect by typical doses of midazolam because rifampin causes midazolam to be metabolized so quickly and so elevated doses need to be used in that situation. Canadian generic viagra online. Also, inhibition of metabolism: we have fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and nefazodone are the serotonin re-uptake inhibitor type drugs. Grapefruit juice is listed there and every time you see grapefruit listed I want you to keep in mind we are talking about somewhere between 200 and 240 cc a day. So we are not talking gallons and gallons of grapefruit juice that need to be ingested. We are talking about eight ounces of grapefruit juice that can have inhibitory effects on the liver and affect metabolism of drugs and so can have some pretty clinically significant effects.
The calcium channel blockers: again, rifampin has resulted in increases of metabolism of verapamil primarily. Verapamil is being used basically for slowing down AB conduction and when the patient is also on rifampin it can abolish that effect and result in problems for the patient necessitating dosing increases or changes in the therapy. Again, as far as inhibition, erythromycin and clarithromycin can inhibit liver enzymes resulting in increases in felodipine and also in nifedipine. Nifedipine serum concentration with the patient complaining of peripheral edema and decreased effectiveness in blood pressure control.
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Filed under Drug Interactions, Drugs & medicationsComments (0) Posted by Canadian Pharmacy on Sunday, May 4th, 2008